RT-PCR results showed that the mRNA levels of N-cadherin, MMP2, MMP9 and TWIST1 were up-regulated in CRS + LV-ALDH3A1 group, while the mRNA levels of E-cadherin and TIMP1 were down-regulated in CRS + LV-ALDH3A1 group (Fig. 5e). This evidence concerns the gene TWIST1 and congenital rubella syndrome.