INS and Jeune syndrome: ATD leads to an excessive release of free fatty acids (FFAs), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and pro-inflammatory cytokines to the circulation, resulting in dysfunction of the main organs involved in the whole-body glucose metabolism (i.e., pancreas, liver, and skeletal muscle), leading to impaired insulin secretion (by impairing pancreatic β-cell dysfunction), systemic IR and establishing T2D [47–49].