Furthermore, the knockout of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) or fibrinogen alpha (FGA) by CRISPR/Cas9 enhanced proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells, and facilitated tumor growth and metastasis in xenograft models of immune-deficient mice (Perumal et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene PTEN and neoplasm.