To investigate whether the unique impacts of NeoAg vaccines and ICT combine for enhanced tumor control, we tested the efficacy of NeoAg vaccination in combination with either anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-1 and found that the window of therapeutic efficacy was extended by combination treatments, further supporting the rationale of combining NeoAg vaccines with ICT. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is neoplasm.