GLUD1 and Seizure: In KA-induced animal models, HMGB1 downregulates the level of glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1), and glutamate dehydrogenase 2 (GLUD2), upregulates the levels of intracellular glutamate and major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II), which collectively contribute to increasing the neuronal excitability and inducing epileptic seizures (107).