This and overall similar case and control levels of HVEM’s main binding partner BTLA in our study, however, contrast reportedly elevated levels in sepsis for HVEM on monocytes and granulocytes and for BTLA on CD4-positive T cells, monocytes and granulocytes (23, 55), as well as higher post-mortem HVEM levels in the respiratory epithelium and unchanged levels on lung macrophages (24). Here, BTLA is linked to Sepsis.