Significant differences in the frequency of the cells were recorded in the following MCs: MC02: CD27+/CD127+/CD161+ that was decreased in exCOPD and NSCLC, MC04: CD38++ that was in excess in exCOPD, and MC05: CD38++/CD183+/CD196+ that was gradually increased from stCOPD to exCOPD and further increased in NSCLC (Figures 5A–C). Here, CD38 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.