ESM1 and neoplasm: Its overexpression has been associated with poor prognosis,64–67 and there is indirect evidence of it being a poor prognostic biomarker in PT.68 ESM1 was investigated in 94 NCAss (45 invasive NCAs and 49 non-invasive NCAs), and a positive association was observed between ESM1 expression in vascular endothelial tissues and tumour invasion (p=0.002).22 Low expression of ESM1 was observed in 19 invasive NCAs (42.2%) and in 26 non-invasive NCAs (57.8%), whereas high expression was observed in 30 invasive NCAs (61.2%) and in 19 non-invasive NCAs (38.8%) (p=0.065).16