Moreover, Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 Hepatitis B Collaborators (8) systematically reported the global, national, and regional burdens of hepatitis B from 1990 to 2019 and found that the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigens in infants and children younger than 5 years declined by 77% between 1990 and 2019. Here, PPIB is linked to hepatitis A virus infection.