PTEN and melanoma: In both 2D cell models and 3D-PCS-PDMEs, LMW-F showed the ability to inhibit the proliferation of melanoma cells by affecting apoptosis-related factors such as PTEN/AKT signaling pathways, caspase-3 activity, and Bcl-2 phosphorylation at Thr56, as well as by reducing Bcl-2 and H2B expression.