PCSK9 and neoplasm: However, it only moderately suppressed tumor growth and marginally extended overall survival, with no significant effect on tumor behavior.347,443,444 Further, in a phase 1 clinical trial, Zeitlinger et al. reported that an anti-PCSK9 vaccine, AT04A, demonstrated significant LDL-C lowering activity, accompanied by a safe and immunogenic profile.445 Thus, future comprehensive studies should be centered around the optimization of anti-PCSK9 vaccines, amalgamation with optimal adjuvants, and alteration of the immunization scheme, all in a bid to investigate its antitumor efficacy.