Previous studies have demonstrated that alcohol intake is related to hepatic lipid droplet accumulation, dyslipidemia, altered lipid and lipoprotein levels, and a consequent decline in liver function.318–321 It has been discovered that alcohol can enhance PCSK9 expression in the CNS, with CSF PCSK9 levels found to be elevated in patients suffering from AUD. The gene discussed is PCSK9; the disease is metabolic syndrome.