TNF and polycystic ovary syndrome: Another explanation was that PCOS had also been characterized by a similar state of chronic low-grade inflammation [68], thereby increasing the production of specific cytokines and chemokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), adhesion molecules and endothelial dysfunction, follicle inhibitor as well as c-reactive protein [69–71].