Further multivariate logistic regression analyses, adjusted for variables such as age, ALT, AST, BMI, eGFR, gender, hypertension and hyperlipidemia, revealed that 65 metabolites, including pipecolinic acid (OR: 0.14 [0.08–0.22]), retained their statistical significance (FDR < 0.05) (Additional file 2: Table S6). Here, GPT is linked to hypertensive disorder.