NFKB1 and acute respiratory distress syndrome: In LPS-nebulized mouse models of ALI, MSC-derived EVs via both intravenous or intratracheal administration showed comparable treatment as MSCs by transferring miR-27a-3p to alveolar macrophages where the nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 (NFKB1) was downregulated to shift macrophage polarization from proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory phenotype, reducing inflammation and alleviating ALI [159].