Several phase I clinical trials combining Tim-3 and PD-(L)1 monoclonal antibody have shown modest antitumor activity in lung cancer (NCT03099109; NCT02608268) [41, 42], and a bispecific antibody targeting both Tim-3 and PD-1 (R07121661) has also entered phase I clinical trials (NCT03708328). Here, PDCD1 is linked to lung cancer.