VLDLR and infection: In similar experiments, RAP could completely abolish infection of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) in Huh7 cells (Supplementary information, Fig. S2c), which has been shown to utilize VLDLR and ApoER2 (also known as LRP8) of the LRP family as entry receptors.28 Taken together, these results suggest that LDLR but not the known LRPs is essential for CCHFV infection.