INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Allogeneic islet cell transplant for type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a prime example of the actualization of a cell-based alternative to conventional chronic insulin therapy, as it has been demonstrated that β cell replacement results in near normoglycemia (21), reduces risk of hypoglycemic attacks, and improves or slows progression of microvascular complications by providing a steady-state physiologic source of insulin (22–27).