It is reported that early HVHF (80 ml/kg/h) therapy (within 1–3 days after onset of illness) can downregulate the expression of Th-1 cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-a), etc.], upregulate the expression of Th-2 cytokines (IL-10), and increase the expression of monocyte HLA-DR, in AP patients without sepsis [28]. Here, TNF is linked to Sepsis.