INHA and neoplasm: In addition, INHA are associated with the upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) in tumor cells, increasing transcription of genes encoding vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and matrix metalloproteinases and thereby facilitating tumor angiogenesis, residual cell survival, and tumor cell migration [12, 13].