SOX2 and neoplasm: 3), amplifications of genes in the 3q arm, 11q13/q22 co-amplification, coexistence of mutations in the HRAS and CASP8 (Caspase 8) genes, inactivation of NOTCH1, which has an oncogenic function but in HNCs appears to have a tumor suppressor function, and reduced activity of the SOX2 (SRY-Box Transcription Factor 2) gene (3q26.33).