The LPS challenge in the current study sought to model a gram-negative bacterial infection, we have shown that a combination of four HMO (2′FL, LNnT, 3′-SL, 6′-SL) and sialic acid at a total concentration of 4g/L shortened the duration of rotavirus (RV) infection in piglets and upregulated the expression of IL-8 and both Th1 (IFN- γ) and Th2 (IL-10) cytokines in ileal tissue (50). This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and gram-negative bacterial infections.