CXCL12 (SDF-1) has implications in ischemic brain injury and related complications such as HT and brain edema, Post-ischemia, CXCL12 is upregulated in the brain, acting as a chemoattractant for various immune cells, including monocytes, natural killer cells, and T cells, especially via its primary receptor, CXCR4 (Wang et al., 2012; Wang D. et al., 2023). Here, CXCL12 is linked to ischemia.