For example, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway has been shown in the literature to promote apoptosis, inhibit tumor cell proliferation, and migrate in a variety of cells31–34, The IL-17 signaling pathway mediates tumor growth35,36, and the TNF signaling pathway inhibits tumor metastasis when activated37,38, etc. Meanwhile, the KEGG results showed that the hub targets are involved in signaling multiple signaling pathways, such as AKT1 in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, PD-L1 expression, and PD-1 checkpoint pathway in cancer. Here, TNF is linked to cancer.