It has been reported that MS patients have elevated caspase-1 and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels in their peripheral blood monocytes, brain tissues, and cerebrospinal fluid.234,235 In addition, a crucial function of NLRP3 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is to prime CD4 + T cell migration through increasing the expression of chemotaxis-related protein, which indicates that the EAE animal model for MS involves the NLRP3 inflammasome.236 Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is another CNS autoimmune disease. Here, CD4 is linked to myeloid sarcoma.