Given that IRF can mediate secretion of soluble type I IFN, such as IFN-α, that can bind to the receptor IFNAR expressed on pathogenic T cells in NASH (40) and can induce PD-1 expression on T cells (41), we examined macrophage–T cell crosstalk in vitro; our data confirm that the secretome of WT and not RAGE-KO macrophages activated by S100A11 leads to downstream T cell activation. Here, PDCD1 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.