CD44 and neoplasm: By coculturing T cells with Mn2+- and IL-12-treated macrophages engulfed with tumor cell debris under different conditions, we confirmed that the expression of the effector T marker CD44 was increased compared with that in the control group (Figure 4F), along with the transcriptional activity of the T-cell cytotoxicity-related perforin gene (Figure 4G) and expression of T cell IL-12Rβ1 (Figure 4H).