FIN ↓: proteinuria, glomerular tubular and vascular damage, risk of electrolyte disturbances, cardiac hypertrophy, BNP, renal expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic markers (PAI-1, MCP-1, OPN, and MMP-2); FIN ↑: end-organ protection, systolic and diastolic left ventricular function. This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and cardiac hypertrophy.