First, HBV-related (e.g., HBV viral load and HBeAg status), liver function-related (e.g., AST and ALT), HCC-related (e.g., α-fetoprotein, family history of HCC, smoking status, alcohol status, and BMI), and cirrhosis-related (platelet count, bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin time, serum creatinine, and fibrosis markers) lab data and Chinese medicine exposure data could not be obtained in our database (Hsu et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2021; Kanwal et al., 2023). Here, ALB is linked to Cirrhosis.