On the contrary, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play tumor-killing roles in the TME, and it is illustrated to be activated by an application of the USP8 inhibitor along with anti-PD-L1 agents because inhibition of USP8 could prevent PD-L1 from proteasome degradation (Yang et al., 2023). Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.