For instance, P2X7 antagonists, CE-224,535 and AZD90564 (rheumatoid arthritis), GSK-1482160 (inflammation), AFC-5128 (neuropathic pain, multiple sclerosis and gastrocnemius dystrophy), JNJ-54175446 (major depressive disorder), JNJ-55308942 (mood disorder), SGM-1019 (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis), BIL010t (melanoma) and RQ-00466479 (neuropathic pain), are in Phase I or Phase II clinical trials; a P2X4 antagonist, NC-2600, is in clinical trials for neuropathic pain; and a P2X3 inhibitor, AF-219, is now marketed in Japan for the treatment of refractory chronic cough. This evidence concerns the gene P2RX4 and neuropathic pain.