Furthermore, CAFs secret IL-6 and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL12) to strengthen the population of regulatory T cells within the TME and activate factor-related apoptosis ligand and programmed death receptor ligand-2 to induce cytotoxic T cells death in an antigen-dependent manner, thereby inhibiting anti-tumour immunity and immunotherapy (11). Here, CXCL12 is linked to neoplasm.