For example, CAFs secrete transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukins (IL), which generate tumour vasculature, promote immunosuppression and enhance drug resistance (10). Here, VEGFA is linked to neoplasm.