INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Approximately 50% of patients develop the disease in adulthood (8), and nearly half of adults with T1DM are misdiagnosed with type 2 diabetes.T1DM is an autoimmune disease in which reactive T-lymphocytes attack β-cells, causing them to become dysfunctional and mediating the production of a wide range of auto-antibodies directed against insulin (9, 10).