AFP and hepatitis A virus infection: In contrast to GPC3 and AFP, which can be highly expressed in regenerating liver tissue affected by non-neoplastic lesions such as hepatitis (GPC3 and AFP) and liver cirrhosis (AFP) (21, 33), SALL4 serological levels were found to be considerably higher in HCC patients compared to patients with cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis, potentially offering better specificity as a biomarker.