They then activate the downstream virus-induced signaling adaptor (VISA)/mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS)/interferon β (IFN-β) promoter stimulator 1 (IPS-1) complex, which mediates two distinct signaling pathways to defend against viral infection (Figure 2 left) (Vignuzzi and López, 2019; Iuliano et al., 2021; Zheng et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene MAVS and viral infectious disease.