AOX1 and urinary bladder carcinoma: In advanced bladder cancer, low levels of AOX1 in normal bladder epithelial cells lead to the rewiring of the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway, resulting in elevated NADP levels, which could increase metabolic flux through the pentose phosphate (PPP) pathway and enable increased nucleotide synthesis, therefore promoting cell invasion during advanced bladder cancer progression [21].