CRP and atherosclerosis: Inflammatory biomarkers that have been reported to be associated with HIV infection include C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte and macrophage activation biomarkers (e.g., soluble CD14 [sCD14] and soluble CD163), T cell activation biomarkers (e.g., CD4/CD8 ratio), atherosclerosis and hypercoagulation (e.g., D-dimer) [3, 5, 6].