TGFB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Particularly, in an orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mouse model, DEXs engineered to express the HCC antigen α-fetoprotein (AFP) revealed a strong antitumor response by reducing immunosuppressive cytokines, such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and increasing IFN-γ-expressing CD8+ T cells51.