Our findings indicate that nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat pyrin-domain containing protein 3, CASP-1, and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruit domain related to pyroptosis, CASP-8 and Fas-associated protein with death domain related to apoptosis, RIP1, and RIP3 related to necroptosis have all been identified as marker proteins in animal models and/or cell models of LF (Supplementary Tables S1–S4).Our literature mining data suggested that three forms of cell death can concurrently occur in liver failure. Here, RIPK3 is linked to Lassa fever.