Our findings indicate that nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat pyrin-domain containing protein 3, CASP-1, and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruit domain related to pyroptosis, CASP-8 and Fas-associated protein with death domain related to apoptosis, RIP1, and RIP3 related to necroptosis have all been identified as marker proteins in animal models and/or cell models of LF (Supplementary Tables S1–S4).Our literature mining data suggested that three forms of cell death can concurrently occur in liver failure. This evidence concerns the gene RIPK1 and Lassa fever.