Accordingly, upon TNF-α stimulation, phosphorylation of the NF-κB signaling factors, such as p105, p65, and IκBα, was also attenuated in RNF31-silenced HepG2 cells (Fig. 4b, Fig. S6), indicating that RNF31 knockdown inhibited TNF-α-induced activation of NF-κB signaling pathway in HCC cell lines. This evidence concerns the gene RNF31 and hepatocellular carcinoma.