Analysis of transcriptomic data obtained from poly(A)-enriched bulk RNA sequencing of right atrial tissue samples of n = 15 SR and n = 15 AF patients revealed, in addition to known characteristics of atrial electrical remodeling such as upregulation of KCNJ2 and KCNK3 expression [41, 42], a trend towards increased atrial SCN5A mRNA levels in AF samples (Fig. 5c). This evidence concerns the gene SCN5A and atrial fibrillation.