GSVA (Supplementary Figures S4A, B) and GSEA results (Supplementary Figures S4C, D) revealed the activation of numerous tumor-associated biological processes and signaling pathways in cluster A. These processes encompassed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell proliferation (MYC targets, G2M checkpoints, E2F targets, cell cycle), and signaling pathways like WNT/β-Catenin, TGF-β, and PI3K/AKT. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.