LDHA and acute myeloid leukemia: Additionally, BM-MSCs activate the ALDH enzyme, which, through the TGFb-p38-ALDH pathway, converts xenobiotic aldehydes into less toxic carboxylic acid that is essential for drug metabolism and chemoresistance in AML (Sládek, 2003; Januchowski et al., 2013; Yuan et al., 2020) (Figure 2).