TGFB1 and Hyperglycemia: These changes are underlined by the activation of TGF-β pathway following hyperglycaemia (Shamhart et al., 2014), as documented by TGF-β upregulation in the hearts of diabetic rodents exhibiting cardiac fibrosis (Carroll and Tyagi, 2005; Westermann et al., 2007; Senador et al., 2009; Abed et al., 2013).