Interestingly, Gal-1 blocking/silencing by OTX008 has been shown to inhibit TGF-β in various studies, including a cell model of hypoxia-induced pulmonary fibrosis (Kathiriya et al., 2017), a mouse model of liver fibrosis (Jiang et al., 2018), dendritic cells derived from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (Kostic et al., 2021) and tumour cells (Leung et al., 2014; Koonce et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and pulmonary fibrosis.