LIF and ductal breast carcinoma in situ: In addition to the loss of LIF, IL-6, HIN-1, IL-8, GROα, GROβ and MIP3α in carcinomas, glutamine synthase (GS) and desmoplakin (DSP) are the only two genes specifically upregulated in DCIS, while the metabolic enzymes 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase and mitochondrial NADH: Ubiquinone dehydrogenase and NADH dehydrogenase 1α, have been observed in invasive carcinomas (85).