LIF and breast cancer: The onset of breast cancer is characterized by abnormal paracrine and autocrine signaling, as genes that are highly expressed in healthy breast epithelium are lost in carcinomas, including genes encoding cytokines such as LIF, IL-6, and HIN-1, also known as SCGB3A1, and chemokines such as IL-8, GROα, GROβ, and MIP3α, also known as CCL20 (85).