Overexpression of TGF-β1 has been associated with breast cancer, colon cancer, oesophageal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, etc., and it has been speculated that TGF-β1 is involved in mediating tumour progression, metastasis, angiogenesis and prognosis 39-40. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and malignant colon neoplasm.