For example, impaired mitophagy has been observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) models with the downregulation of BCL2 interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), fun14 domain containing 1 (FUNDC1), and optineurin (OPTN) 16, 17. This evidence concerns the gene BNIP3 and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.