CRNDE and hepatocellular carcinoma: To ascertain the characteristics of CRNDE-induced HCC in vivo, murine spontaneous HCC was caused by hydrodynamic tail vein injection of the combination of plasmids with upregulated Crnde or empty vectors and plasmids expressing c-myc and plasmids knocking out p53 plus the transposase SB13 in C57BL/6J mice (Figure 2A).