Thereafter, we applied qRT‒PCR analyses to examine the mRNA levels of CXCL3, CXCL1, CXCL6 (the human homolog of mouse Cxcl5) and CCL2 in CRNDE-overexpressing HCCLM3 and Hep3B cells and found that only CXCL1 and CXCL3 were significantly elevated in both cell lines (Figure 5B), implying that CXCL1 and CXCL3 were major factors recruiting G-MDSCs in CRNDE-induced HCC. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL3 and hepatocellular carcinoma.