VEGFA and hepatocellular carcinoma: This review comprehensively summarizes the evidence from the literature published so far which validate the predictive significance of a variety of biomarkers at different treatment time points (including pre-treatment, on-treatment, and post-treatment time points) in different sample sources (including tissue, blood, and stool samples) for the treatment responses and outcomes of HCC patients receiving different categories of ICI-based therapies (including ICI mono-therapy and combination therapy with other ICIs or TKIs or VEGF inhibitors) (Table 4).