TGFB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: The study conducted by Feun et al. 22 evaluated the pre-treatment levels of a panel of cytokines and chemokines in blood of 28 HCC patients treated with PD-1 ICI (pembrolizumab) and identified that low transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) level (< 200 pg/mL) predicted longer median OS (not reached (NR) vs. 7 months, P value = 0.005) and progression-free survival (PFS) (NR vs. 2 months, P value = 0.008) than high TGF-β level (≥ 200 pg/mL).