In addition, the combination of ICIs targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1 or PD-L1, the combination of ICIs targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and the combination of ICIs targeting PD-L1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors have been also licensed or are under clinical validation for HCC therapy 18-20. Here, VEGFA is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.