VEGFA and hepatocellular carcinoma: This review provides a comprehensive summary of the hitherto published literature, which unravel various promising biomarkers at pre-treatment, on-treatment, and post-treatment time points in tissue, blood, and stool samples for predicting the therapeutic responses and clinical benefits of different categories of ICI-based therapies in HCC patients, including ICI mono-therapy and combination therapy with other ICIs or TKIs or VEGF inhibitors.