In addition, many predictive biomarkers are based on immune cells or inflammatory cytokines, such as NLR, PLR, LMR, PD-1+ granulocyte percentage, SII, monocyte index, TGF-β, IL-6, and CRP, reflecting the clinical implication of tumor immune microenvironment in the efficacy of ICI therapy for HCC. Here, TGFB1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.