VCAM1 and neoplasm: TNF-α induces vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and the α1β1 integrin or very late antigen-1 (VLA-1) expression on MSCs through the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks)- and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways, which then enables MSCs to adhere to endothelial cells in the tumor vasculature 41.