AR and posterior cortical atrophy: To further investigate the link between ALDH genes and AR signaling, we correlated the initial preoperative prostate-specific antigen (iPSA) serum level in patients with PCa with protein expression of ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A3 and observed a significantly increased iPSA level in patients with ALDH1A3 overexpressing tumors (Figure 2G).